ࡱ > !: bjbj k c c 1 s
b b $ qj v X X X X (' (' (' i i i i i i i $ l ?o T j (' ' " (' (' (' j b b X X +j ) ) ) (' D b 8 X X ] ) (' i ) ) J 0 M X H` l) L HK $ ] Aj 0 qj lK @ o ) o H M o M , (' (' ) (' (' (' (' (' j j ) (' (' (' qj (' (' (' (' o (' (' (' (' (' (' (' (' ('
( : StudySample and LocationOutcomeExtracted PredictorsAnalysis MethodPositiveNegativeNo AssociationAndreasson et al., 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1]n= 125 forensic psychiatric clients, 19% (n=24) female
SwedenLength of StayAbsconding
Restriction order
Severity of offenceMood disorderAnxiety disorder
Education
Employment
Homelessness
Immigrant
Impulse control disorder
Inpatient violence
Male gender
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Parent
Personality disorder
Previous prison sentence
Previous psychiatric contact
Psychosis
Single
Substance use whilst hospitalised
Suicidal behaviour
Young age at time of offence/admissionCox regression, stepwiseBailey & Macculloch, 1992 ADDIN EN.CITE Bailey199261[2]616117Bailey, J.Macculloch, M.Patterns of reconviction in patients discharged directly to the community from a special hospital: Implications for aftercareThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryJ Forensic Psychiatr445-4613319920958-5184
1469-947810.1080/09585189208409021[2]n=112 patients discharged from high secure hospital.
UK
ReoffendingDetained under psychopathic disorder
Personality disorderRestriction order/conditional discharge-Chi-square; t-testBaldwin et al., 1992 ADDIN EN.CITE Baldwin199241[3]414117Baldwin, L. J.Menditto, A. A.Beck, N. C.Smith, S. M.Factors influencing length of hospitalization for NGRI acquittees in a maximum security facilityThe Journal of Psychiatry and LawThe Journal of Psychiatry and Law20257-2671992[3]n= 385 male Not guilty by reason of insanity, discharged over 20 year period.
USALength of StayPremorbid competence
Race
Severity of offence-Disability subgroup
Education
Employment
Previous offences
Prior admission to general psychiatric hospital
Single
Socioeconomic status
Young age at time of offence/admission
Young age at first hospitalisation/psychiatric contactMultiple RegressionBall et al., 1994 ADDIN EN.CITE Ball199444[4]444417Ball, E. M.Young, D.Dotson, L. A.Brothers, L. T.Robbins, D. T.Factors Associated with Dangerous Behaviour in Forensic Inpatients: Results from a Pilot StudyBulletin of American Academy of Psychiatry and LawBulletin of American Academy of Psychiatry and Law605-6202241994[4]n=232 consecutive admissions to forensic inpatient service during a 5 month period. 95.7% male
USAInpatient ViolenceHistory of Violence
Number of previous psychiatric admissions
Longer length of stay
-Childhood history of abuse/neglect
Combat history
Diagnosis
Family deviance e.g. parental alcohol/drug use
Female gender
History of escape
History of sexual offending
Index crime characteristics
Legal status
Neurologic abnormality
Previous offences
Self-injurious/suicidal behaviour
Young age at first arrest
Young age at first psychiatric hospitalisation
Young age on admission
Stepwise logistic regressionBaxter et al., 1999 ADDIN EN.CITE Baxter199954[5]545417Baxter, R.Rabe-Hesketh, S.Parrott, J.Characteristics, needs and reoffending in a group of patients with schizophrenia formerly treated in medium securityThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryJ Forensic Psychiatr69-8310119990958-5184
1469-947810.1080/09585189908402140[5]n=63 patients discharged from medium security, 75% male
UKReoffendingYoung age at admission/discharge
Substance use
History of conduct disorder
Restriction orderInpatient Violence
Parental absence
Previous offences
Previous psychiatric admissions
Psychosis
Race
Shorter length of stay
Single
Poisson or negative binominal regressionBrown & Fahy, 2009 ADDIN EN.CITE Brown200996[6]969617Brown, K.Fahy, T.Medium secure units: pathways of care and time to discharge over a four-year period in South LondonJournal of Forensic Psychiatry & PsychologyJournal of Forensic Psychiatry & PsychologyJ. Forens. Psychiatry Psychol.J Forens Psychiatry Psychol268-27720220091478-9949
1478-995710.1080/14789940802327291[6]n=157 male patients discharged from medium security over a 4 year period.
UK
Length of StayLegal status
Restriction order
--Mann-Whitney UBuchanan & Leese, 2006 ADDIN EN.CITE Buchanan200622[7]222217Buchanan, A.Leese, M.Yale University Department of Psychiatry, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. alec.buchanan@yale.eduQuantifying the contributions of three types of information to the prediction of criminal conviction using the receiver operating characteristicBr J PsychiatryThe British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental scienceBritish Journal of PsychiatryBr. J. PsychiatryBr J Psychiatry472-8188AdolescentAdultAgedArea Under CurveCrime/*statistics & numerical data*Criminal Psychology/methods/statistics & numerical dataEnglandFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedROC CurveWales2006May0007-1250 (Print)
0007-1250 (Linking)16648535http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1664853510.1192/bjp.bp.105.011122[7]All patients (n=425; n= 349 male) discharged from 3 special hospitals in the UK over a 2 year period, followed up for approx. 10.5 years
UK
ReoffendingPrevious offences
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Male gender
Detained under psychopathic disorder--AUC, logistic regression, number needed to detainBuchanan, 1998 ADDIN EN.CITE Buchanan199847[8]474717Buchanan, A.Criminal conviction after discharge from special (high security) hospital. Incidence in the first 10 yearsBritish Journal of PsychiatryBritish Journal of PsychiatryBr. J. PsychiatryBr J Psychiatry472-476172619980007-125010.1192/bjp.172.6.472[8]n=425 inpatients discharged from high secure hospital, 82% male, convictions within first 10 years.
UK
ReoffendingPrevious offences
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Detained under psychopathic disorder-Male genderLogistic RegressionCastro, Cockerton & Birke, 2002 ADDIN EN.CITE Castro200287[9]878717Castro, M.Cockerton, T.Birke, S.From discharge to follow-up: a small scale study of medium secure provision in the independent sectorThe British Journal of Forensic PracticeThe British Journal of Forensic Practice31-39432002[9]n=116 patients admitted to medium secure unit over a three year period, 20% female
UKLength of Stay
ReoffendingLength of Stay:
Difficult behaviour while hospitalised
Absconding
Substance use history
Number of therapy programmes attended
Previous prison sentence
Reoffending:
History of sexual offending
Known to institutions
Poor compliance with medication
Length of Stay:
-
Reoffending:
-Length of Stay:
Unclear which factors were considered. No systematic reporting of which demographic characteristics were collected.
Reoffending:
Previous offences
Correlations
Chi-squareCohen et al., 1988 ADDIN EN.CITE Cohen198826[10]262617Cohen, M. I.Spodak, M. K.Silver, S. B.Williams, K.Predicting Outcome of Insanity Acquittees Released to the CommunityBehavioural Sciences and the LawBehavioural Sciences and the LawBeh Sci Law515-530641988[10]n= 127 insanity acquittees
USAReoffendingEarly birth order
Substance use
-Childhood abuse/trauma
Previous offences
Race
School maladjustment/expulsion
Seclusion during admission
Single
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Young age at time of offenceStepwise discriminant analysisCoid et al., 2007 ADDIN EN.CITE Coid200729[11]292917Coid, J.Hickey, N.Kahtan, N.Zhang, T.Yang, M.Forensic Psychiatry Research Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, William Harvey House, 61 Bartholomew Close, London EC1A 77BE, UK. j.w.coid@qmul.ac.ukPatients discharged from medium secure forensic psychiatry services: reconvictions and risk factorsBr J PsyBr J Psy223-9190AdolescentAdultAgedCrime/*statistics & numerical dataDeinstitutionalization/*statistics & numerical dataEngland/epidemiologyFemaleFollow-Up StudiesForensic Psychiatry/*statistics & numerical dataHumansIncidenceMaleMental Disorders/*epidemiologyMiddle AgedPrevalencePrognosisRecurrenceRisk FactorsRisk ManagementWales/epidemiology2007Mar0007-1250 (Print)
0007-1250 (Linking)17329742http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1732974210.1192/bjp.bp.105.018788[11]n=1344 patients discharged from medium security, spent time at risk for a mean of 6.2 years
UKReoffendingMale gender
Personality disorder
Previous offences
Shorter length of stay
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Young age at time of offence
Restriction Order/Conditional DischargeDelusional disorder
Depression
Organic/cognitive disorder
Race
Sexual deviation
Single
Substance use
Cox regression models.
Hazard ratios
Survival curvesDietz & Rada, 1982 ADDIN EN.CITE Dietz198255[12]555517Dietz, P. E.,Rada, R. T.Battery Incidents and Batterers in a Maximum Security HospitalArchives of General PsychiatryArchives of General PsychiatryArch. Gen. PsychiatryArch Gen Psychiatry31-34391982[12]n= 61 assaultative patients compared with n=147 non-assaultative patients from a maximum security hospital.
USA
Inpatient ViolenceRace
Transferred prisoner-Combat history
Education
Employment
Index crime characteristics
Religion
Single
Young age on admissionChi-squareDuncan et al., 2002 ADDIN EN.CITE Duncan200286[13]868617Duncan, J. M.Short, A.Lewis, J. S. G.Barrett, P. T.Re-admissions to the State Hospital at Carstairs, 1992-1997Health BulletinHealth BulletinHealth Bull. (Edinb.)Health Bull (Edinb)70-826012002[13]n=123 male readmissions, compared with a published survey of the state hospital population.
UKReadmission to High Secure HospitalMood/affective disorder Previous prison sentence
Shorter length of stay
Restriction order/conditional discharge
History of recidivism
Male gender
Previous offences
Previous psychiatric admissions
Previous secure psychiatric care
Reason for readmission (violence/relapse etc.)
Referral source
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Group comparisonsEdwards, Steed & Murray, 2002 ADDIN EN.CITE Edwards200260[14]606017Edwards, J.Steed, P.Murray, K.Clinical and forensic outcome 2 years and 5 years after admission to a medium secure unitThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryJ Forensic Psychiatr68-8713120020958-5184
1469-947810.1080/09585180210123294[14]n=225 first admissions to medium security followed up over a fixed 5 year period.
UK
Length of Stay
Reoffending
Length of Stay:
Severity of Offence
Race
Reoffending:
Previous OffencesLength of Stay:
-
Reoffending:
-Length of Stay:
Admission source
Diagnosis
Legal status
Male gender
Previous offences
Previous psychiatric contact
Violent vs. sexual offence
Young age at first hospitalisation/psychiatric contact
Young age at time of offence/admission
Reoffending:
Detained under psychopathic disorder
Diagnosis
Male gender
Offence characteristics
Previous psychiatric treatment
Race
Referral source
Severity of index offence
Young age (at admission/discharge)
Young age at onset of mental disorder
Young age at time of offenceLogistic RegressionEnticott et al., 2007 ADDIN EN.CITE Enticott20075[15]5517Enticott, P. G.Ogloff, J. R.Bradshaw, J. L.Daffern, M.Contrary to popular belief, a lack of behavioural inhibitory control may not be associated with aggressionCrim Behav Ment HealthCriminal behaviour and mental health : CBMHCriminal Behaviour and Mental HealthCrim Behav Ment Health179-831732007[15]n=10 hospitalised offenders
AustraliaInpatient ViolenceAggressive individuals (n=5) showed greater response inhibition than non-aggressive individuals (at a trend level, p=0.07).-Inhibitory reach task (assessing impulsivity)Mann Whitney UFoster, Hillbrand & Silverstein, 1993 ADDIN EN.CITE Foster19933[16]3317Foster, H. G.Hillbrand, M.Silverstein, M.Neuropsychological deficit and aggressive behavior: A prospective studyProgress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological PsychiatryProgress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological PsychiatryProg. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. PsychiatryProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol PsychiatryProgress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry939-946176aggressionneuropsychological deficitprediction of aggression199311//0278-5846http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027858469390021Jhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(93)90021-J[16]n=23 male forensic patients
USAInpatient ViolenceFrequency of aggression could be reliably predicted by the scores from Judgement of Line Orientation errors, Stroop Colour Word Test and Emotion Perception Test anger errors.-Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence
Wisconsin Card Sorting TestWhole-set correlation analysisFriendship et al., 1999 ADDIN EN.CITE Friendship199959[17]595917Friendship, C.McClintock, T.Rutter, S.Maden, A.Re-Offending: patients discharged from a Regional Secure UnitCrim Behav Ment HealthCriminal Behaviour and Mental HealthCrim Behav Ment Health226-23691999[17]n=184 patients discharged from MSU over a 14 year period.
UKReoffendingPrevious offences
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Shorter length of stay
-Male gender
Race
Previous violence
Restriction order/conditional discharge
Referral source
Diagnosis
Lived with parents until 16
Previous psychiatric treatment
Logistic RegressionGreen & Baglioni, 1998 ADDIN EN.CITE Green199888[18]888817Green, B.Baglioni, A. J.Length of stay, leave and reoffending by patients from a Queensland security patients hospitalAustralian and New Zealand Journal of PsychiatryAustralian and New Zealand Journal of PsychiatryAust. N. Z. J. PsychiatryAust N Z J PsychiatryAustralian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry839-8473261998[18]n=203 mentally disordered hospitalised offenders
AustraliaLength of StayCharges not proceeded with
Organic/cognitive disorder
Psychosis
Severity of offence
-Mood disorder
Previous offences
Readmission
Sentenced
Substance use history
Young age at time of offence/admissionRegression ModelHillbrand et al., 1998 ADDIN EN.CITE Hillbrand19988[19]8817Hillbrand, M.Spitz, R. T.Foster, H. G.Krystal, J. H.Young, J. L.Creatine Kinase Elevations and Aggressive Behavior in Hospitalized Forensic PatientsPsychiatric QuarterlyPsychiatric QuarterlyPsychiat Quart69-826911998[19]n=164 male admissions to high secure hospital
USAInpatient ViolenceCreatine Kinase (CK)
Those in high frequency of aggression had higher CK than the low frequency aggression group (p=0.048)
Those who engaged in only verbal aggression had lower CK than those who engaged in physical aggression (p=0.012)
Restraints in the past 7 days prior to CK sample being collected were also significantly associated with higher CK.
CK >200U/l to predict aggression 94% of cases correctly classified.--t-tests, factorial ANOVAHillbrand, 1995 ADDIN EN.CITE Hillbrand199556[20]565617Hillbrand, M.Aggression against Self and Aggression against Others in Violent Psychiatric PatientsJournal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyJournal of Consulting and Clinical PsychologyJ. Consult. Clin. Psychol.J Consult Clin PsycholJournal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology668-6716341995[20]n= 103 male patients from high-secure hospital, divided into self-injurious and non-self injurious.
USA
Inpatient ViolenceSelf-injurious/suicidal behaviour--Chi-squareHillbrand, Spitz & Foster, 1995 ADDIN EN.CITE Hillbrand199513[21]131317Hillbrand, M.Spitz, R. T.Foster, H. G.Serum Cholesterol and Aggression in Hospitalized Male Forensic PatientsJournal of Behavioural MedicineJournal of Behavioural MedicineJ Behav Med33-431811995[21]n=106 inpatients from maximum security hospital. Divided into low and high cholesterol groups.
USA
Inpatient ViolenceLow cholesterol group engaged in more frequent acts of aggression than the high cholesterol group.
No difference in severity of type of aggression--Chi-squareHoptman et al, 1999 ADDIN EN.CITE Hoptman199952[22]525217Hoptman, M. J.Yates, K. F.Patalinjug, M. B.Wack, R. C.Convit, A.Clinical Prediction of Assaultive Behavior Among Male Psychiatric Patients at a Maximum-Security Forensic FacilityPsychiatric ServicesPsychiatric ServicesPsychiatr. Serv.Psychiatr Serv1461-146650111999[22]n=183 males, newly admitted patients to high secure psychiatric hospital
USA
Inpatient ViolenceDual diagnosis (schizophrenia and substance use disorder)
Legal status
Young age on admission -Ability to follow ward routine
Family deviance e.g. parental alcohol/drug use
Previous offences
Race
Schizophrenia
Substance use
Chi-square, t-testHoward & Lumsden, 1996 ADDIN EN.CITE Howard19967[23]7717Howard, R.Lumsden, J. A neurophysiological predictor of reoffending in special hospital patientsCrim Behav Ment HealthCriminal Behaviour and Mental HealthCrim Behav Ment Health147-156621996John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.1471-2857http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbm.8210.1002/cbm.82[23]n=44 male inpatients in high secure hospital.
UKReoffendingClassified as high or low risk based on Go/No Go Contingent Negative Variant, high risk if outside 1 SD from mean (control group of 19 student nurses), low risk if within 1 SD.
At follow up 6 patients in high risk group and 1 patient from low risk group had been reconvicted.
6 from High Risk- manslaughter, burglary x 3, arson, NOS indictment.
1 from Low Risk- theft.
Accuracy of predictor 63.6%
--Relative improvement over chance.Howard et al., 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [24]n=53 men who were treated at specialist forensic PD unit and spent time at risk of offending in the community.
Only diagnostic data reported as other data is reliant on clinical judgement
UK.
ReoffendingPersonality disorder (specifically cluster B)
Substance use
--KaplanMeier survival analysis with the hazard ratios (HRs) calculated using Cox regressionLong & Dolley, 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE Long201240[25]404017Long, C. G.Dolley, O.Factors predictive of length of stay for women in medium secure settingsJ Psychiatr Ment Health NursJournal of psychiatric and mental health nursingJournal of Psychiatric and Mental Health NursingJ. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs.J Psychiatr Ment Health NursJournal of Psychiatric & Mental Health NursingJournal of Psychiatric and Mental Health NursingJ. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs.J Psychiatr Ment Health NursJournal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing870-419102012http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22340014[25]n=70 women, MSU.
Divided into short and long stay groups based on median split of 21.6 months. n=40, short stay, n= 28, long stay.
UK
Length of StayPsychosis
Severity of offenceNumber of therapies attended
-Chi square; Analysis of varianceLussier et al., 2009 ADDIN EN.CITE Lussier200953[26]535317Lussier, P.Verdun-Jones, S.Deslauriers-Varin, N.Nicholls, T.Brink, J.Chronic Violent Patients in an Inpatient Psychiatric Hospital: Prevalence, Description, and IdentificationCriminal Justice and BehaviorCriminal Justice and BehaviorCrim Justice Behav5-2837120090093-854810.1177/0093854809347738[26]527 patients, forensic psychiatric hospital, 87.5% male.
Variables extracted for most violent group (15 or more incidents).
CanadaInpatient ViolenceAntisocial personality disorder
Early onset mental health problems
Female gender
History of violence
Legal statusSchizophrenia
Substance useNumber of previous psychiatric admissions
Number of previous forensic psychiatric admissions
Personality disorder other than ASPD
Previous offences
Single
Young age at index offence
Young age on admissionLogistic regression controlling for length of stay.Maden et al., 1999a ADDIN EN.CITE Maden199931[27]313117Maden, A.Rutter, S.McClintock, T.Friendship, C.Gunn, J.Outcome of admission to a medium secure psychiatric unit. I. Short- and long-term outcomeBritish Journal of PsychiatryBritish Journal of PsychiatryBr. J. PsychiatryBr J Psychiatry313-316175419990007-125010.1192/bjp.175.4.313[27]n=234 patients discharged from MSU, followed for average 6.6 years.
UKReoffending/
ReadmissionMale gender
Previous offences
Previous psychiatric admissions
Shorter length of stay
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Young age at onset of mental disorder
-Race
Previous violence
Referral source
Diagnosis
Previous psychiatric treatment
Chi-square/t-testMaden et al., 1999b ADDIN EN.CITE Maden199933[28]333317Maden, A.Friendship, C.McClintock, T.Rutter, S.Outcome of admission to a medium secure psychiatric unit. 2. Role of ethnic originBritish Journal of PsychiatryBritish Journal of PsychiatryBr. J. PsychiatryBr J Psychiatry317-321175419990007-125010.1192/bjp.175.4.317[28]n=104 Black/African/Black-Caribbean patients and 125 White/Caucasian patients discharged from medium security.
UK
Reoffending/
Readmission--RaceChi-squareMoran et al., 1999 ADDIN EN.CITE Moran199945[29]454517Moran, M. J.Fragala, R.Wise, B. F.Novak, T. L.Factors Affecting Length of Stay on Maximum Security in a Forensic Psychiatric HospitalInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative CriminologyInternational Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative CriminologyInt. J. Offender Ther. Comp. Criminol.Int J Offender Ther Comp CriminolInternational Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology262-27443319990306-624X10.1177/0306624x99433002[29]n=101 maximum security forensic inpatients, (87 male).
USALength of StayYoung age at time of offence/admissionEmployment
PsychosisEducation
Personality disorder
Previous prison sentence
Prior admission to general psychiatric hospital
Previous not criminally responsible adjudications
Prior transfer to medium security
Race
Severity of offence
Single
Substance use historyLinear regressionMurphy, 2007 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [30]n=30 male high security admissions with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
UKAssessed risk and need.Controlling for Full Scale IQ, working memory, processing speed, trails B and Colour/Word Stroop, Revised Eyes Test remains significant predictor of Health of the Nation Outcome Scale total and social scores.
Controlling for Full Scale IQ, working memory, processing speed, trails B and C/W Stroop, Revised Eyes Test remains partially correlated with Camberwell Assessment of Need (forensic version) scores. Revised Eyes Test only significant predictor.
Revised Eyes Test only significant predictor variable for Risk Management total of HCR-20, when controlling for Full Scale IQ, working memory, trails B and 2nd order Modified Advance Test.
--Multiple regressionPhillips et al., 2005 ADDIN EN.CITE Phillips200519[31]191917Phillips, H. K.Gray, N. S.MacCulloch, S. I.Taylor, J.Moore, S. C.Huckle, P.MacCulloch, M. J.Risk assessment in offenders with mental disorders: relative efficacy of personal demographic, criminal history, and clinical variablesJ Interpers ViolenceJournal of interpersonal violenceJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJ Interpers ViolenceJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJ Interpers Violence833-47207200515914704http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15914704[31]n=315 patients discharged from medium security 276 men and 39 women.
UKReoffendingPrevious offences
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Shorter length of stay
Male gender
Single
Race
Personality disorder
Previous psychiatric admissions
Young age at time of offence
Young age at onset of mental disorder
Regression modelPhillipse et al., 2006 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [32]n=132 patients discharged from seven secure hospitals (92.4% male)
NetherlandsReoffendingComorbid SUD and PD
Number of times absent without leave
Personality disorder (cluster B specific)PsychosisPrevious offences
Young age at time of offence
Previous violence
Employment
Institutionalisation in childhood
Victim characteristicsRegression model, Area under the curveQuinn & Ward, 2000 ADDIN EN.CITE Quinn200016[33]161617Quinn, P.Ward, M.What Happens to Special Hospital Patients Admitted to Medium Security?Medicine, Science and the LawMedicine, Science and the LawMed. Sci. LawMed Sci LawMedicine, Science & the Law345-3494042000October 1, 2000http://msl.sagepub.com/content/40/4/345.abstract10.1177/002580240004000410[33]n=23 patients from high security admitted to medium security, then either discharged or readmitted to high security, over a period of 10 years.
UK
Success of Transfer from high secure hospital.
Success of transfer discrete category, not included in any category variable count.--Age
Diagnosis
Index offence characteristics
Legal status
Length of stay
Male gender
Number of past hospitalisations
Previous offences
Race
Substance use
Chi-square/WilcoxonQuinsey & Maguire, 1986 ADDIN EN.CITE Quinsey198636[34]363617Quinsey, V. L.Maguire, A.Maximum Security Psychiatric Patients: Actuarial and Clinical Prediction of DangerousnessJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJ Interpers Violence143-1711219860886-260510.1177/088626086001002002[34]n=206 discharged patients from high secure psychiatric care, followed up for a minimum of 11 years.
USAReoffendingYoung age (at admission or discharge)
Severity of index offence
Previous conviction for property crime
More admissions to correctional facilities
Criminally committed
Civilly committedEducation
Employment
Inpatient violence
IQ
Lived with parents until 16
Offence characteristics
Personality disorder
Previous psychiatric admissions
Psychosis
Shorter length of stay
Single
Substance use
Stepwise regressionQuinsey, Rice & Harris, 1995 ADDIN EN.CITE Quinsey199557[35]575717Quinsey, V. L.Rice, M. E.Harris, G. T.Actuarial Prediction of Sexual RecidivismJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJ Interpers Violence85-10510119950886-260510.1177/088626095010001006[35]n= 178 men at maximum security hospital who had (at the time of admission) sexually assaulted a female adult or child, and had an opportunity to reoffend.
USA
ReoffendingPrevious offences
Single
Personality disorder
Previous violence
Previous conviction for property crime
History of sexual offending
Admitted for assessment
Education
Employment
IQ
Parental absence
Previous psychiatric admissions
Previous secure psychiatric care
Shorter length of stay
Victim characteristics
Young age (at admission or discharge)Multiple regressionRasmussen & Levander, 1996 ADDIN EN.CITE Rasmussen199638[36]383817Rasmussen, K.Levander, S.Individual Rather Than Situational Characteristics Predict Violence in a Maximum Security HospitalJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJ Interpers Violence376-3901131996September 1, 1996http://jiv.sagepub.com/content/11/3/376.abstract10.1177/088626096011003005[36]n=87 male, n=7 female patients admitted to maximum security psychiatric hospital over a 6 year period.
Norway
Inpatient ViolenceBorderline symptoms
Positive psychotic symptoms
Young age on admission
Previous Violence
Depressive symptoms
History of violenceMultiple regressionReiss, Grubin & Meux, 1996 ADDIN EN.CITE Reiss199614[37]141417Reiss, D.Grubin, D.Meux, C.Young 'psychopaths' in special hospital: treatment and outcomeBritish Journal of PsychiatryBritish Journal of PsychiatryBr. J. PsychiatryBr J Psychiatry99-104168119960007-125010.1192/bjp.168.1.99[37]n=49 young male patients in high secure hospital, detained under psychopathic disorder
UK
ReoffendingChildhood bullying/fighting
Childhood foster care history of sexual offending
IQ
Previous violenceEmployment
Relationship prior to admissionInpatient violence
Seclusion during admission
Sexually inappropriate inpatient behaviour
Repo-Tiihonen et al., 2002 ADDIN EN.CITE Repo-Tiihonen200212[38]121217Repo-Tiihonen, E.Paavola, P.Halonen, P.Tiihonen, J.Seclusion treatment measures and serum cholesterol levels among Finnish male forensic psychiatric patientsThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryJ Forensic Psychiatr157-16513120020958-5184
1469-947810.1080/09585180210123212[38]n=397 male forensic patients add controls
FinlandSeclusion due to acute acts of violent or suicidal behaviourMean total cholesterol levels of those who had been secluded (voluntarily or involuntarily) were significantly lower than the controls. Subsample of those who had only been secluded involuntarily were also significantly lower than controls.
5.3 mmol/l was optimum level to differentiate those who would be secluded vs. those who wouldnt with 60.5% sensitivity and 55.9% specificity.
--Mann-Whitney U
Area under curve Rice & Harris, 1996 ADDIN EN.CITE Rice199625[39]252517Rice, M. E.Harris, G. T.Predicting the Recidivism of Mentally Disordered FiresettersJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJ Interpers Violence364-3751131996September 1, 1996http://jiv.sagepub.com/content/11/3/364.abstract10.1177/088626096011003004[39]n= 208 male firesetters admitted to maximum security psychiatric facility.
Average of 7.8 years follow-up.
USAReoffendingPrevious offences
Single
Young age at time of offence
Civilly committed
Institutionalisation in childhood
Cruelty to animals in childhood
Low socioeconomic status (childhood)
-Bed wetting
Childhood abuse/trauma
Childhood firesetting
Education
Employment
Homosexuality
IQ
Lived with parents until 16
More admissions to correctional facilities
Offence characteristics
Parental crime/alcohol abuse
Personality disorder
Previous prison sentence
Previous psychiatric admissions
Previous violence
Psychosis
School maladjustment/expulsion
Socioeconomic status
Substance useMultivariate logistic regressionRice et al., 1990 ADDIN EN.CITE Rice199021[40]212117Rice, M. E.Harris, G. T.Lang, C.Bell, V.Recidivism among male insanity acquitteesThe Journal of Psychiatry and LawThe Journal of Psychiatry and Law379-403183-41990[40]n=253 insanity acquittees detained in maximum security institution.
7 year follow up of reoffending.
USAReoffendingParental absence
More admissions to correctional facilities
Offence characteristics
Parental crime/alcohol abuse
Personality disorder
Previous conviction for property crime
Previous offences
Previous violence
School maladjustment/expulsion
Severity of index offence
Single
Teen alcohol abuse
Young age at time of offence
EmploymentChildhood bullying/fighting
Childhood socioeconomic status
Education
IQ
Victim characteristics
Parental psychiatric history
Previous psychiatric admissions
Chi-square/t-test.Rice, Harris & Quinsey, 1990 ADDIN EN.CITE Rice199058[41]585817Rice, M. E.Harris, G. T.Quinsey, V. L.A Follow-Up of Rapists Assessed in a Maximum-Security Psychiatric FacilityJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJournal of Interpersonal ViolenceJ Interpers Violence435-4485419900886-260510.1177/088626090005004001[41]n=54 men who had been detained in maximum security hospital, who had sexually assaulted an adult female and had opportunity to reoffend.
USA
ReoffendingPrevious violence
-Shorter length of stay
Single
Offence against children
History of sexual offendingMultiple regression step-wise.Rice, Quinsey & Houghton, 1990 ADDIN EN.CITE Rice199023[42]232317Rice, M. E.Quinsey, V. L.Houghton, R.Predicting Treatment Outcome and Recidivism among Patients in a Maximum Security Token EconomyBehavioural Sciences and the LawBehavioural Sciences and the LawBeh Sci Law313-32681990[42]n=92 men, detained in high security forensic hospital. Approximately 6.6 years follow-up
USALength of Stay
ReoffendingLength of Stay:
Psychosis
Referral from psychiatric unit
Severity of offence
Reoffending:
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Referral source
Longer time in institutionsLength of Stay:
-
Reoffending:
Employment
Psychosis
Unfit to stand trailLength of Stay:
Charges leading to admission
Legal Status
Education
Employment
Single
Young age at time of offence/admission
Reoffending:
Previous offences
Single
Severity of index offence
Education
Legal statusHierarchical multiple regressionRogers et al., 2002 ADDIN EN.CITE Rogers200251[43]515117Rogers, P.Watt, A.Gray, N. S.MacCulloch, M.Gournay, K.Content of command hallucinations predicts self-harm but not violence in a medium secure unitThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryThe Journal of Forensic PsychiatryJ Forensic Psychiatr251-26213220020958-5184
1469-947810.1080/09585180210150096[43]n=110 patients, medium security
UK
Inpatient Violence--Command hallucinations
Female gender
History of violence
Paranoid delusions
Substance useNegative binomial regression, controlling for length of stayRoss et al., 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [44]Two groups of forensic inpatients; n=67 short stay (less than 48 months), n=137 long stay (who had remained in treatment for at least 120 months).
GermanyLength of StayLiving situation at time of offence (institutional/parental care)
Previous prison sentence
Severity of offence
Young age at time of offence/admissionImmigrant
EmploymentAbsconding
Inappropriate sexual behaviour (inpatient)
Inpatient violence
Male gender
Previous offences
Prior admission to general psychiatric hospital
Substance use history
Substance use whilst hospitalised
Suicidal behaviour
Backward, stepwise logistic regressionSkipworth et al., 2006 ADDIN EN.CITE Skipworth200637[45]373717Skipworth, J.Brinded, P.Chaplow, D.Frampton, C.Insanity acquittee outcomes in New ZealandAustralian and New Zealand Journal of PsychiatryAustralian and New Zealand Journal of PsychiatryAust. N. Z. J. PsychiatryAust N Z J PsychiatryAustralian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry1003-10094011-1220060004-8674
1440-161410.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01924.x[45]n=135 patients, insanity acquittees, 83% male.
New Zealand
Length of Stay
ReoffendingLength of Stay:
Severity of offence
Reoffending:
Previous offences
Young age (at admission or discharge)
Male gender
Race
Length of Stay:
-
Reoffending:
-Length of Stay:
Diagnosis
Male Gender
Previous Offences
Race
Reoffending:
Shorter length of stay
Previous violence
Severity of index offence
Diagnosis
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, compared using log-rank tests.Spitz et al., 1997 ADDIN EN.CITE Spitz199789[46]898917Spitz, R.T.Hillbrand, M.Foster, H. G.Svetina, C. J.Ethnicity, aggression and serum creatine kinase in hospitalized male forensic patientsEthnicity and DiseaseEthnicity and DiseaseEthn. Dis.Ethn DisEthnicity & Disease 259-270 731997[46]n=164 male admissions to high secure hospital
USAInpatient ViolenceCreatine Kinase:
African American participants showed greater severity of physical aggression, and also those with schizophrenia had higher levels of Creatine Kinase, than those African Americans without schizophrenia. This trend was not shown in Caucasians.
--t-tests, factorial ANOVA
Steadman et al., 1983 ADDIN EN.CITE Steadman198339[47]393917Steadman, H. J.Pasewark, R. A.Hawkins, M.Kiser, M.Bieber, S.Hospitalization length of insanity acquitteesJournal of Clinical PsychologyJournal of Clinical PsychologyJ. Clin. Psychol.J Clin Psychol611-6143941983Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company1097-4679http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198307)39:4<611::AID-JCLP2270390427>3.0.CO;2-Z[47]n=225 Not guilty by reason of insanity acquittees, 196 male and 29 female.
USALength of StayMale gender
Severity of offence
Single-Charges leading to admission
Diagnosis
Previous offences
Young age at time of offence/admissionLinear regressionTennent & Way, 1984 ADDIN EN.CITE Tennent198485[48]858517Tennent, G.Way, C.The English Special Hospital - A 12-17 year follow-up study: A comparison of violent and non-violent re-offenders and non-offendersMedicine, Science and the LawMedicine, Science and the LawMed. Sci. LawMed Sci LawMedicine, Science & the Law81-912421984[48]n=617 men discharged from English high secure hospitals
UKReoffendingInstitutionalisation in childhood
Parental absence
Previous offences
Previous prison sentence
Shorter length of stay
Young age at time of offence
Psychosis
DepressionPrevious psychiatric admissions
Employment
IQChi-squareThomas et al., 2009 ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [49]n=193 new admissions to forensic psychiatric services, 44% (n=85) were included in seclusion group, not secluded n=108.
Australia
Inpatient Violence (assessed by seclusion episodes)Number of previous psychiatric admissions
Previous offences
Substance use
Young age on admission-Diagnosis
Female gender
History of violence
Legal status
Number of previous forensic psychiatric admissions
Race
Single
Multiple regression;
area under the curve; receiver operant characteristicZonana et al., 1990 ADDIN EN.CITE Zonana199030[50]303017Zonana, H. V.Bartel, R. L.Wells, J. A.Buchanan, J. A.Getz, M. A.Part II: Sex Differences in Personal Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity: Analysis of Data from the Connecticut NGRI RegistryBulletin of American Academy of Psychiatry and LawBulletin of American Academy of Psychiatry and Law129 - 1511821990[50]n=31 women Not guilty by reason of insanity matched to n=31 Not guilty by reason of insanity men based on date of Not guilty by reason of insanity ruling.
USAReoffendingRace
-Young age (at admission or discharge)
Shorter length of stay
Male gender
Previous psychiatric admissions
Substance use
Education
Previous conviction for property crime
Parent
Regression Model controlling for prior arrestsPredictors given as the categories designated by the authors, not necessarily how they were reported in each individual paper.
References
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Supplementary Table 1: Studies included in systematic review and the variables extracted for inclusion in review
# 8 H I J n o
- 4 : A B K Ѻyrkd]d]d]d] h>ok h h>ok hG h>ok h7p h>ok ha{ h>ok h L mH nH ujC h>ok h Uj h>ok h U h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok hD> h>ok hD> 5mH nH tH u h>ok h>p h>ok hD> 5>* h>ok ha{ 5h>ok hD> 5j h>ok UmH nH u# # 8 H ! $d $
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t
6@
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l a p2 yt>ok I J K L U ^ m n o p p p d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff ! $d $
&@#$/ If a$gd>ok l % $hd $
&@#$/ If ^ha$gd>ok l 4 B S ^ i v
'
2
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q
Ff d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l K S
D
E
H
I
O
P
f
g
2 3 ? @ A p q r s ĽıĪݪݜݜݪݜ h>ok hvh h>ok h\D h>ok hw h>ok h h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok hD> h>ok hZb h>ok h h>ok hG h>ok h2 :
3 I q s d e i x Ff d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l B d i x . V n o r s @ A B ~ ) ƿƸƿƿƿƱ h>ok h6/ h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok hcA h>ok hq= h>ok h h>ok ha{ h>ok h p h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok hD> = / V t ) ? @ B " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff ! d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l B e t ~ * < ^ x 9 : " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l FfJ$ d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l ) * ; < ] ^ w x 9 = I i j w x + , - U V W i j k $ $ $ $ $ ˸䜕ݜ˸ h>ok h5 h>ok hM^ h>ok h;c h>ok h]| h>ok h|# h>ok h* h>ok h h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok hD> h>ok h
U h>ok h h>ok h6/ 4: = I j x
$ + , - V W $ " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ffv' d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l $ $ $ $ $ $ % % % % % &% '% , - - - - ,- >- d- p- " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff* d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l $ $ $ $ $ % % % % % % % % %% &% '% =% >% ?% , , , , - - - ,- =- >- c- d- o- p- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 !2 22 32 X2 Y2 }2 ~2 2 2 2 2 ȽϣȽ֣ϣ h>ok h h>ok hd h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok hq= h>ok h* h>ok h h>ok hD> h>ok hw h>ok ha{ =p- - - - - - 1 2 2 2 2 !2 32 Y2 ~2 2 2 2 2 36 6 Ff0 " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff- d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l 2 2 2 2 2 -6 .6 16 26 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 =7 >7 K7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 D8 E8 R8 c8 d8 e8 q8 r8 w8 x8 ~8 8 8 8 8
< < < < /< Š h>ok h &` h>ok h h>ok hq= h>ok h7p 5h>ok hNJ 5 h>ok hNJ h>ok h h>ok h7p h>ok hd 5h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok hd h>ok h>p 66 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 $7 =7 >7 K7 g7 }7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 D8 E8 R8 d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l R8 d8 e8 r8 s8 ~8 8 < /< 0< 4< @< R< `< a< c< z< < < < " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff&4 d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l /< 4< @< R< _< `< a< b< c< = = 3= 4= 5= F= G= H= ME NE RE SE E E E E E E E E E F MF NF uF vF F F F F F F F F F G G G &G 'G (G xJ yJ }J ~J J J K Ƚ䣜Ƚ h>ok hw h>ok hqO h>ok h
/ h>ok hcM h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok hq= h>ok hO1W h>ok h h>ok h~B h>ok hd h>ok h 8< < < < = 4= 5= TE E E E E E E E
F 0F MF NF " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l FfR7 d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l NF vF F F F F F F F F F F G G G G J J J J J K " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff~: d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l K K K K /K 9K DK `K iK pK K K K .O O O O O O O O #P " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff= d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l K K K K K .K K K K K K K K 'O (O ,O -O O O O O O O O O "P $P 0P :P EP FP WP XP wP xP P P P P P P P Q Q Q Q Q Q 0Q 1Q 2Q U U U !U U U U U ˸ݣ˸ h>ok hcM h>ok hd 5 h>ok h7 h>ok hok hB^ h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok h &` h>ok hq= h>ok hd h>ok h :#P $P :P FP XP xP P P P P P Q Q Q "U tU uU xU yU U U U " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff@ d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l U U U U U U U U U U U U U V V V %V /V ok l U U U U U U U V V V $V /V ;V ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok h> h>ok h h>ok h h>ok h5& 5 h>ok h5& h>ok hd h>ok hq= h>ok hd 5 h>ok hcM h>ok hcM 5 3V #W -W 9W QW pW vW W W W W X X X %\ A\ B\ L\ _\ " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l FfD $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l A\ L\ ^\ _\ \ \ \ \ \
] ] ] ] ] @] A] B] c c $c %c Bc Gc Yc Zc d d
d d ,d 5d 6d :d ;d Bd Cd Fd Gd ed fd gd ~d d d g g g g *h .h :h Kh Lh rh h h h h ĹĹ h>ok hH? h>ok h> h>ok h h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok hB^ h>ok h>p h>ok hq= h>ok hJ h>ok hd B*ph h>ok hd h>ok h 9_\ \ \ ] ] ] &c Bc Cc Gc Zc d d +d Gd fd gd g *h +h .h FfZJ " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff.G d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l .h :h Lh rh h h h h h h h h h
i ,i -i Ai Bi Rm m m m " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l FfM d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l h h h h h h h i +i -i @i Ai Bi Xi Yi Zi Km Lm Pm Qm m m m m m m m m m n n n *n ?n xn yn n n n (r )r -r .r ]r br ur r r s s t t !t "t #t ;t ok hB= h>ok hK& h>ok h h>ok hq= h>ok h L mH nH u h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok hD h>ok h> h>ok hd h>ok h =m m m m m m m m n n n *n @n gn xn yn /r ]r ^r br ur r " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l FfP d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l r r r r cs ds s s t !t #t ok l FfS d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Q| R| V| W| | | | d} e} f} g} h} r} s} t} } } } c d h i ́ Ӂ , - M U c l } Â Ă ł ۂ ܂ ݂ ) h>ok h h>ok hYH: h>ok h L h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok hq= h>ok h h>ok hd h>ok h L mH nH uj h>ok h U Dx x x X| | | | | | 3} 4} d} f} h} s} t} j Ff6Z " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff
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&@#$/ If gd>ok l ́ , . M } Ă ł ) * - 9 " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ffb] d $
&@#$/ If gd>ok l ) - 9 k u v ~ ͈ Έ ψ Ј ш ҈
. / 0 1 2 6 7 + 4 5 @ E F G H I ĽĽġĕyy h>ok hD h>ok h h>ok hw h>ok h<~ h>ok h L mH nH ujj h>ok h Ujb h>ok h U h>ok h L j h>ok h U h>ok h h>ok h>p h>ok hq= h>ok h\^ h>ok hYH: h>ok hd h>ok h,d / O P ͈ Έ Ј ҈ 8 " hd $
&@#$/ If ^hgd>ok l Ff` d $
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D Andreasson201492[1]929217Andreasson, H.Nyman, M.Krona, H.Meyer, L.Anckarsater, H.Nilsson, T.Hofvander, B.Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Lund University, Sweden. Electronic address: bjorn.hofvander@med.lu.se.
Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Lund University, Sweden.
Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Lund University, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Lund University, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, Cambridge University, UK.Predictors of length of stay in forensic psychiatry: the influence of perceived risk of violenceInt J Law PsychiatryInternational journal of law and psychiatryInternational Journal of Law and PsychiatryInt. J. Law PsychiatryInt J Law PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law & PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law and PsychiatryInt. J. Law PsychiatryInt J Law PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law & Psychiatry635-423762014Nov-Dec1873-6386 (Electronic)
0160-2527 (Linking)24631525http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2463152510.1016/j.ijlp.2014.02.038b
D Andreasson201492[1]929217Andreasson, H.Nyman, M.Krona, H.Meyer, L.Anckarsater, H.Nilsson, T.Hofvander, B.Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Lund University, Sweden. Electronic address: bjorn.hofvander@med.lu.se.
Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Lund University, Sweden.
Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Lund University, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Lund University, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Centre of Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, Cambridge University, UK.Predictors of length of stay in forensic psychiatry: the influence of perceived risk of violenceInt J Law PsychiatryInternational journal of law and psychiatryInternational Journal of Law and PsychiatryInt. J. Law PsychiatryInt J Law PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law & PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law and PsychiatryInt. J. Law PsychiatryInt J Law PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law & Psychiatry635-423762014Nov-Dec1873-6386 (Electronic)
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l a pF yt>ok b D Howard201320[24]202017Howard, R.McCarthy, L.Huband, N.Duggan, C.Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK.Re-offending in forensic patients released from secure care: the role of antisocial/borderline personality disorder co-morbidity, substance dependence and severe childhood conduct disorderCrim Behav Ment HealthCriminal behaviour and mental health : CBMHCriminal Behaviour and Mental HealthCrim Behav Ment Health191-202233AdultAntisocial Personality Disorder/*complicationsBorderline Personality Disorder/*complicationsConduct Disorder/*complicationsCriminals/psychology/*statistics & numerical dataForensic PsychiatryHumansMalePrisoners/psychology/statistics & numerical dataRecurrenceSeverity of Illness IndexSubstance-Related Disorders/*complicationsViolence/psychology/statistics & numerical data2013Jul1471-2857 (Electronic)
0957-9664 (Linking)23371302http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2337130210.1002/cbm.1852b D Howard201320[24]202017Howard, R.McCarthy, L.Huband, N.Duggan, C.Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK.Re-offending in forensic patients released from secure care: the role of antisocial/borderline personality disorder co-morbidity, substance dependence and severe childhood conduct disorderCrim Behav Ment HealthCriminal behaviour and mental health : CBMHCriminal Behaviour and Mental HealthCrim Behav Ment Health191-202233AdultAntisocial Personality Disorder/*complicationsBorderline Personality Disorder/*complicationsConduct Disorder/*complicationsCriminals/psychology/*statistics & numerical dataForensic PsychiatryHumansMalePrisoners/psychology/statistics & numerical dataRecurrenceSeverity of Illness IndexSubstance-Related Disorders/*complicationsViolence/psychology/statistics & numerical data2013Jul1471-2857 (Electronic)
0957-9664 (Linking)23371302http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2337130210.1002/cbm.1852 $$If !v h#v #v#v#v! #v#v #v:V l
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l a pF yt>ok P D Murphy20071[30]1117Murphy, D.Department of Psychology, Broadmoor Hospital, Crowthorne, Berkshire, UK. david.murphy@wlmht.nhs.ukTheory of mind functioning in mentally disordered offenders detained in high security psychiatric care: its relationship to clinical outcome, need and riskCrim Behav Ment HealthCriminal behaviour and mental health : CBMHCriminal Behaviour and Mental HealthCrim Behav Ment Health300-11175AdultCognition Disorders/*diagnosis/*etiology*Commitment of Mentally IllForensic Psychiatry/*methodsHumansMaleMentally Ill Persons/*psychologyMiddle AgedNeeds AssessmentPattern Recognition, VisualPsychiatric Status Rating Scales*Psychological TheoryRegression AnalysisReproducibility of ResultsRisk ManagementSchizophrenia/*complicationsSchizophrenic PsychologySeverity of Illness Index20070957-9664 (Print)
0957-9664 (Linking)18004730http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1800473010.1002/cbm.664 P D Murphy20071[30]1117Murphy, D.Department of Psychology, Broadmoor Hospital, Crowthorne, Berkshire, UK. david.murphy@wlmht.nhs.ukTheory of mind functioning in mentally disordered offenders detained in high security psychiatric care: its relationship to clinical outcome, need and riskCrim Behav Ment HealthCriminal behaviour and mental health : CBMHCriminal Behaviour and Mental HealthCrim Behav Ment Health300-11175AdultCognition Disorders/*diagnosis/*etiology*Commitment of Mentally IllForensic Psychiatry/*methodsHumansMaleMentally Ill Persons/*psychologyMiddle AgedNeeds AssessmentPattern Recognition, VisualPsychiatric Status Rating Scales*Psychological TheoryRegression AnalysisReproducibility of ResultsRisk ManagementSchizophrenia/*complicationsSchizophrenic PsychologySeverity of Illness Index20070957-9664 (Print)
0957-9664 (Linking)18004730http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1800473010.1002/cbm.664 $$If !v h#v #v#v#v! #v#v #v:V l
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l a pF yt>ok l D Philipse200618[32]181817Philipse, M. W.Koeter, M. W.van der Staak, C. P.van den Brink, W.Department of Research and Assessment, Pompestichting Institute for Forensic Mental Health, Nij-megen, The Netherlands. m.philipse@pompestichting.nlStatic and dynamic patient characteristics as predictors of criminal recidivism: A prospective study in a Dutch forensic psychiatric sampleLaw Hum BehavLaw and human behaviorLaw and Human BehaviorLaw Hum. Behav.Law Hum BehavLaw & Human BehaviorLaw and Human BehaviorLaw Hum. Behav.Law Hum BehavLaw & Human Behavior309-27303Crime/*statistics & numerical dataForensic Psychiatry/*statistics & numerical dataHumansMental Disorders/*psychologyNetherlandsProspective StudiesRecurrenceSex Offenses/legislation & jurisprudence2006Jun0147-7307 (Print)
0147-7307 (Linking)16645888http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1664588810.1007/s10979-006-9013-4l D Philipse200618[32]181817Philipse, M. W.Koeter, M. W.van der Staak, C. P.van den Brink, W.Department of Research and Assessment, Pompestichting Institute for Forensic Mental Health, Nij-megen, The Netherlands. m.philipse@pompestichting.nlStatic and dynamic patient characteristics as predictors of criminal recidivism: A prospective study in a Dutch forensic psychiatric sampleLaw Hum BehavLaw and human behaviorLaw and Human BehaviorLaw Hum. Behav.Law Hum BehavLaw & Human BehaviorLaw and Human BehaviorLaw Hum. Behav.Law Hum BehavLaw & Human Behavior309-27303Crime/*statistics & numerical dataForensic Psychiatry/*statistics & numerical dataHumansMental Disorders/*psychologyNetherlandsProspective StudiesRecurrenceSex Offenses/legislation & jurisprudence2006Jun0147-7307 (Print)
0147-7307 (Linking)16645888http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1664588810.1007/s10979-006-9013-4 $$If !v h#v #v#v#v! #v#v #v:V l
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l a pF yt>ok D Ross201228[44]282817Ross, T.Querengasser, J.Fontao, M. I.Hoffmann, K.Reichenau Psychiatric Hospital, Reichenau, Germany. thomas.ross@uni-ulm.dePredicting discharge in forensic psychiatry: the legal and psychosocial factors associated with long and short stays in forensic psychiatric hospitalsInt J Law PsychiatryInternational journal of law and psychiatryInternational Journal of Law and PsychiatryInt. J. Law PsychiatryInt J Law PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law & PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law and PsychiatryInt. J. Law PsychiatryInt J Law PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law & Psychiatry213-21353AdultCrime/legislation & jurisprudence/*psychologyFemaleForensic Psychiatry/*methodsGermanyHumansLength of StayLogistic ModelsMaleMental Disorders/diagnosis/*rehabilitation*Patient DischargePrisoners/legislation & jurisprudence/*psychologyPrognosisRisk AssessmentSex Offenses/psychologyViolence/psychology2012May-Jun1873-6386 (Electronic)
0160-2527 (Linking)22417759http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2241775910.1016/j.ijlp.2012.02.011 D Ross201228[44]282817Ross, T.Querengasser, J.Fontao, M. I.Hoffmann, K.Reichenau Psychiatric Hospital, Reichenau, Germany. thomas.ross@uni-ulm.dePredicting discharge in forensic psychiatry: the legal and psychosocial factors associated with long and short stays in forensic psychiatric hospitalsInt J Law PsychiatryInternational journal of law and psychiatryInternational Journal of Law and PsychiatryInt. J. Law PsychiatryInt J Law PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law & PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law and PsychiatryInt. J. Law PsychiatryInt J Law PsychiatryInternational Journal of Law & Psychiatry213-21353AdultCrime/legislation & jurisprudence/*psychologyFemaleForensic Psychiatry/*methodsGermanyHumansLength of StayLogistic ModelsMaleMental Disorders/diagnosis/*rehabilitation*Patient DischargePrisoners/legislation & jurisprudence/*psychologyPrognosisRisk AssessmentSex Offenses/psychologyViolence/psychology2012May-Jun1873-6386 (Electronic)
0160-2527 (Linking)22417759http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2241775910.1016/j.ijlp.2012.02.011 $$If !v h#v #v#v#v! #v#v #v:V l
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l a pF yt>ok ^ D Thomas200943[49]434317Thomas, S. D.Daffern, M.Martin, T.Ogloff, J. R.Thomson, L. D.Ferguson, M.School of Psychiatry, Psychology and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. stuart.thomas@med.monash.edu.auFactors associated with seclusion in a statewide forensic psychiatric service in Australia over a 2-year periodInt J Ment Health NursInternational journal of mental health nursingInternational Journal of Mental Health NursingInt. J. Ment. Health Nurs.Int J Ment Health NursInternational Journal of Mental Health NursingInt. J. Ment. Health Nurs.Int J Ment Health Nurs2-9181AdultAge Distribution*Commitment of Mentally IllFemaleForensic Psychiatry/*organization & administrationHospitals, PsychiatricHumansInpatients/psychology/*statistics & numerical dataMaleModels, StatisticalNursing AssessmentNursing AuditNursing Evaluation ResearchPatient Isolation/psychology/*statistics & numerical dataPredictive Value of TestsPsychiatric Nursing/*organization & administrationRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSeverity of Illness IndexVictoriaViolence/prevention & control/psychology/statistics & numerical dataYoung Adult2009Feb1445-8330 (Print)
1445-8330 (Linking)19125781http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1912578110.1111/j.1447-0349.2008.00567.x ^ D Thomas200943[49]434317Thomas, S. D.Daffern, M.Martin, T.Ogloff, J. R.Thomson, L. D.Ferguson, M.School of Psychiatry, Psychology and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. stuart.thomas@med.monash.edu.auFactors associated with seclusion in a statewide forensic psychiatric service in Australia over a 2-year periodInt J Ment Health NursInternational journal of mental health nursingInternational Journal of Mental Health NursingInt. J. Ment. Health Nurs.Int J Ment Health NursInternational Journal of Mental Health NursingInt. J. Ment. Health Nurs.Int J Ment Health Nurs2-9181AdultAge Distribution*Commitment of Mentally IllFemaleForensic Psychiatry/*organization & administrationHospitals, PsychiatricHumansInpatients/psychology/*statistics & numerical dataMaleModels, StatisticalNursing AssessmentNursing AuditNursing Evaluation ResearchPatient Isolation/psychology/*statistics & numerical dataPredictive Value of TestsPsychiatric Nursing/*organization & administrationRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSeverity of Illness IndexVictoriaViolence/prevention & control/psychology/statistics & numerical dataYoung Adult2009Feb1445-8330 (Print)
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